We can easily calculate the Soviet refueling capability available at those times. (this topic slightly touched that issue earlier)
Actually the unsuccessful polar bomber, the M-4 (Bison-A) were reused as tanker.
Its production run was: 1954 - 2 1955 - 9 1956 - 20
So not more than 31 tanker were available from '62.
In my assessment, half of the cruise missile carriers could arrive from the sea, the other ~30 could try to clear the way from the pole through Canada, for the 128 bombers trailing the attack.
Yes, your assessment on the Soviet airborne refueling capabilities and numbers certainly looks very realistic to me and I fully agree with it.
Hpasp Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch" (U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.) http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home
Hpasp Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch" (U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.) http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home
Hpasp Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch" (U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.) http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home
Hpasp Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch" (U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.) http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home
This was originally one post but I thought I would break it down into four post.
//----------Nike----------//
Surface to Air Missiles: The Nike Hercules Story 1960 US Army
"30-minute public affairs film produced by the Army in 1960 to educate the public on the Nike Hercules air defense system."
Nike Hercules & Nike X Missiles in Action - Defense Testing NORAD - 1970s
US Army Air Defense Command - ARADCOM: The Inner Ring - Army Air Defense Command uses Nike Hercules and other missiles in defense measures. Nike X missile and fighter interceptors 1970s. Canadian defense from USSR.
Nike Missile Bases - A Forgotten Tale of the Puente Hills
During the Cold War, it was a very different time in this country. It was a time of national paranoia and fear. In the Los Angeles area, this county's military was looking to protect it, and the west coast. from Russian bomber strikes. Two of these bases were with-in the borders of the old Rancho La Puente... and we were thankful.
The second-generation solid propellant-fueled Bomarc B is highlighted in this footage taken from the rocket.aero DVD "Bomarc: IM-99 Sentinel." For more information, visit: www.rocket.aero
Bomarc missile launch operations are highlighted in this footage taken from the rocket.aero DVD "Bomarc: IM-99 Sentinel." For more information, visit: www.rocket.aero
A dramatic Bomarc launch failure is highlighted in this footage taken from the rocket.aero DVD "Bomarc: IM-99 Sentinel." For more information, visit: www.rocket.aero
Military produced scenario, Armored Sky Bomarc Missile Video
//-----F-106-Vs-BOMARC Target-----//
F-106 shot down a BOMARC missile in a test with 2,000 mph closure rate
Click to reveal.. (Air Defence 1950s US military film)
Air Defence 1950s US military film
From Paul Lashmar archive. www.paullashmar.com paul.lashmar1@btinternet.com All material from U.S. Public Domain sources. Broadcast standard beta tapes available for hire.
Tape 140 part one 10:01:58 "Air Defence" - Walter Cronkite 10:02:21 Combat Operations Center 10:02:56 Telex machine 10:03:03 Plotting board and the plotter 10:04:22 "Air Defence Readiness" sign goes on 10:04:29 Interceptors scramble 10:05:16 "Seconds for Survival" - NORAD and early warning radar, etc 10:06:26 SAGE Combat Center 10:06:48 Jet interceptors followed by Atlas launch 10:07:18 National Warning System - and civil defence 10:07:48 Crowds in street 10:08:03 Presenter - ICBMs 10:08:35 SAM - Nike Zeus 10:08:59 Presenter - time is of the essence! + what if? 10:09:40 US streets 10:1 0:00 Enemy attack - plotting board 10:10:09 Radar . 10:10:25 Telex 10:1 0:44 Siren and interceptors scramble 10:11:06 B47s in flight 10:11:12 Interceptors scramble 10:11:36 SAMs rise out of silos 10:11:45 "This is an air raid warning!" - people running into shelters + SAMs 10:1 2:53 The White House - decision is made to strike back 10:13:02 Siren and SAC scramble - AFB in snow + AFB in desert 10:13:22 B47 take off followed by B52 take off 10:13:45 Command Center - "Attention missile sites. Fire on designated targets." 10:13:49 Telephone operator gives order 10:1 3:51 Missile keys turned and buttons pressed 10:13:55 ICBMs launch 10:14:30 SAMs launch and hit planes 10:15:34 Presenter
Click to reveal.. (IBM On Guard! The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment - 1956 Educational Film - S88TV1)
IBM On Guard! The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment - 1956 Educational Film - S88TV1
IBM Corporation, Military Products Division, detail Innovations in computer technology for use as weapons in the Cold War.
The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was an operator environment for the automated air defense (AD) of North America and by extension, the name of the network of computer systems providing the ground environment for the larger air defense system with buildings, radars, and defense aircraft. SAGE Direction Centers (DC) in large "cube" buildings provided radar netting for Air Defense Sectors that included remote radar stations manned by SAGE radar squadrons of the USAF which operated several radar types for searching/detecting, height finding and for Bomarc missiles, automatic tracking. Each SAGE DC provided data to a Combat Center for "supervision of the several sectors within the division" ("each combat center [had] the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation").
SAGE used core memory as in the Whirlwind I, Cathode ray tube based real-time user interface as in the British CDS, telephone modem communications developed by the AFCRC, and over 100 long range radar stations as with the preceding Permanent System radar stations.
Click to reveal.. (SAGE SYSTEM TRAINING PROGRAM COLD WAR EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 78864)
SAGE SYSTEM TRAINING PROGRAM COLD WAR EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 78864]
This film shows the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment or SAGE, a system of large computers and associated networking equipment that coordinated data from many radar sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area. SAGE directed and controlled the NORAD response to a Soviet air attack, operating in this role from the late 1950s into the 1980s.
The processing power behind SAGE was supplied by the largest computer ever built, the AN/FSQ-7. Each SAGE Direction Center (DC) housed an FSQ-7 which occupied an entire floor, approximately 22,000 square feet, of the massive concrete blockhouse, not including supporting equipment. The upper two floors contained offices, operator stations, and a single two-story radar display visible to most of the DC's personnel. Information was fed to the DC's from a network of radar stations as well as readiness information from various defence sites. The computers, based on the raw radar data, developed "tracks" for the reported targets, and automatically calculated which defences were within range. Subsets of the data were then sent to the many operator consoles, where the operators used light guns to select targets onscreen for further information, select one of the available defences, and issue commands to attack. These commands would then be automatically sent to the defence site via teleprinter. Connecting the various sites was an enormous network of telephones, modems and teleprinters.
SAGE became operational in the late 1950s and early 1960s at a combined cost of billions of dollars. It was noted that the deployment cost more than the Manhattan Project, which it was, in a way, defending against. SAGE was the backbone of NORAD's air defence system into the 1980s.
The film begins with the headquarters New York air defense sector. At mark 2:50, they control a flight interception for its identification. This air defense system is also designed as a weapon during war to counter mass attacks. It is use to provide training of air force crews which in turns develop their potentials. It enables them to interact swiftly and successfully enables them to interact swiftly and successfully under stress. At mark 4:08, they developed a simulation training system. A magnetic tape is seen at 7:52. Information on the tape is also converted into punch cards. We have SSDP problem tapes prepared to the sage system and is been processed at mark 9:40. At mark 12:00, we have the weapon direction room and their communication network.
At mark 13:20, we have messages been sent through simulations and received automatically by a teletype machine in the manual data room which is then transferred to a punch card and from punch card, the information is been fed into the computer by a manual data supervisor as seen at mark 14:25. The simulator is handled by a weapon director simulator at mark 17:30. The capabilities of any aircraft weapon system are included in sage sdp exercises at mark 18:00. At mark19:20, we have the identification room and how they relay messages through the system. At mark 20:00, we have the identification room tracking an unknown track. Preliminary scrambling instructions for the interception are punched into the private council at mark 20:55.
We have messages on the lima papa 01 (LP01) been relayed through the system, its location and time to engage. At mark 23:50, we see the end of a complete interception as LP01 returns to base guided home by the interception director. Every details of this interception is been recorded in a tape. At mark 24:15, we have a debriefing to meet the needs of the group. They evaluate each individual’s performance, initiations and monitoring. Each individual made a report on his initiation at mark 27:05. The weapon operation group also holds their meeting outside the debriefing room at mark 27:35. It helps the group find solutions to the problems which roll up in the exercise. The director asks them to get their reports in so special actions will be taken to help in their efficiency. At mark 29:23, the subsystem representatives gather to discuss the exercise as it affected the entire defense group. At mark 31:35, we have them discussing on new features that could be added to the training system and so the training program of the SAGE system continues.
This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com
Click to reveal.. (Cold War Computing: The SAGE System (In Your Defense))
Cold War Computing: The SAGE System (In Your Defense)
The SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) System, was designed and built in the 1950s to defend against the threat of Soviet bombers attacking the continental United States. The system was much influenced by the design of MIT's Whirlwind II computer system (which was never completed). IBM designed and built the AN/FSQ-7 computer, the heart of the SAGE program, with companies such as Western Electric (who produced In Your Defense), The Mitre Corporation and System Development Corporation were also major contractors on the project.
There were more than twenty SAGE installations located across North America linking hundreds of radar stations, Air Force fighter wings, and missle defense sites in the first large-scale computer communications network. The SAGE network was decentralized and would allow a unit to continue operation even if other sites were disabled. As the Soviet attack threat shifted from long-range bombers to nuclear missles in the 1960's, the SAGE system became less strategic. However, parts of the system continued operation into the early 1980's.
This film explains the national security threats of the 1950's and 60's that SAGE was built to defend against, shows the SAGE computer and network in operation and simulates how SAGE would react to an attack on the United States.
Catalog Number: 102651595
IBM Sage Computer Ad, 1960
How we used to shoot down missiles, with punch cards and light wands.
//-----Documentary, Lectures, and Museums.
SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)
The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was an automated control system for tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by NORAD from the late 1950s into the 1980s. In later versions, the system could automatically direct aircraft to an interception by sending instructions directly to the aircraft's autopilot.
SAGE Computer Based Air Defense
Bay Area Computer History Perspectives series Transfer from VHS.
Click to reveal.. (Vigilance and Vacuum Tubes: The Sage System, 1956-1963)
Vigilance and Vacuum Tubes: The Sage System, 1956-1963
Recorded: Tuesday, May 19, 1998 Posted: Aug 27, 2013 Location: The Computer Museum History Center, Building 126, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA
In 1963, the last of 22 SAGE command centers was completed by contractors IBM, Western Electric, The RAND Corporation, and Burroughs. At a cost of $8 billion (1964 dollars), this vastly complex technological system, an outgrowth of MIT Lincoln Labs' Whirlwind II computer, represented the state of the art in strategic doctrine and computer systems design. Each one of the 22 SAGE command centers used over 49,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 250 tons, and consumed 3,000,000 watts of power.
The SAGE system linked these command centers into a technopolitical "shield" against Soviet strategic bomber attack. From a stark social context of high Cold War tensions emerged impressive technical advances in hardware and software systems design, real-time control, and air traffic monitoring.
Advances such as the light gun, modems, duplex CPUs, multiprocessing, A/D and D/A conversion techniques, as well as networking arose as ancillary technologies of SAGE development. But did SAGE really work as advertised? Should we care? This lecture reflects on these questions, SAGE's context, and its technical spinoffs.
The lecture takes place in front of 400 square feet of actual SAGE hardware, including Weapons Director and Intercept Technician consoles! This equipment is from the last functioning SAGE center in North Bay, Ontario (Canada), decommissioned in 1982. The USAF SAGE Film "In Your Defense" will also be shown. "I like Ike" buttons optional.
The Speakers: This lecture's speakers represent a variety of perspectives, from the history of technology, to hardware and software systems engineering:
Les Earnest: Senior Research Scientist Emeritus, Stanford University, Project Engineer and System Designer, SAGE system hardware. Founding President, Imagen Corporation; former Associate Chairman, Stanford University Computer Science Department; Executive Officer, Stanford AI Lab; Department Head, Information Systems Dept, MITRE Corporation; Member, Technical Staff, MIT Lincoln Laboratory... and inventor of the original (DEC-10/20) FINGER program!
James Wong: Computer Systems Engineer, Burroughs Corporation; Unisys Corporation; Project Engineer on SAGE system software for The RAND Corporation 1955-1963; Team Leader, System Development Corporation (SDC), Lincoln Laboratory, SAGE and Project "465-L." Mathematician and programmer for the IBM CPC, 701, and RAND Johnniac. Wong is retired and currently volunteers as an instructor in Mathematics with the Learning Disabled Program at Foothill College.
Paul Edwards: Senior Research Scholar and Lecturer, Program in Science, Technology & Society, Stanford University; author of "The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America." Edwards has also authored dozens of articles on the history of computing and has held visiting professorships at Stanford, Cornell, the University of Michigan and UC - Santa Cruz. His next book is entitled: "The World in a Machine: Computer Models, Data Networks, and Global Atmospheric Politics." Edwards will be making a 30-minute presentation.
This talk was sponsored by The Computer Museum History Center and Sun Microsystems.
Click to reveal.. (Amazing early Air Defense control computer from the Cold War)
Amazing early Air Defense control computer from the Cold War
http://www.tiltul.com Amazing early Air defense control computer from the Cold War - SAGE SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) air defense system, became operational in 1958 The Computer History Museum Tour 11
Click to reveal.. (USAF - IBM SAGE air defense floor plan - Air Defense History)
The NORTH WARNING SYSTEM (NWS) http://www.lswilson.ca/page4.htm The North Warning System (Canadian Portion) is a series of long and short range radar sites located in the Canadian high arctic stretching from the Alaska/Yukon border eastward following along the coastline to southern Labrador. Consisting of 11 Long Range Radar sites, 36 "gap filler" Short Range Radar sites and 5 Logistics Support sites (2 of which are co-located with Long Range sites), the North Warning System replaced the aging Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line that was constructed in the early 1950's. The North Warning System became operational in 1987/88. The following map depicts the approximate site locations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warning_System http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FPS-117 AN/FPS-124 Unattended Radar SEEK FROST North Warning System
Click to reveal.. (NORAD Underground SAGE Operations Center RCAF-USAF AeroSpaceDefence.ca North Bay- 2)
North America Air Defense -NORAD Underground SAGE Operations Center RCAF-USAF AeroSpaceDefence.ca North Bay- 2 Full Playlist: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLADE9B4886BC142AB SAGE - Semi Automatic Ground Environment, Cold war era air defense computer system Canadian Forces Museum of Aerospace Defence (CFMAD) at North Bay, Ontario Canada http://www.aerospacedefence.ca/
Click to reveal.. (BOMARC Nuclear Missiles Interceptors deployment near NORAD at North Bay and La Macaza Canada)
BOMARC CIM-10B Nuclear Missiles Interceptors deployment near NORAD at North Bay and La Macaza Canada Canada's MORAD North America Air Defense AeroSpaceDefence.ca North Bay- 5 http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLADE9B4886BC142AB
TilTul http://tiltul.com LinksYouWantToRemember CIMG1085 FPS-6B Height Finder Radar.AVI
Click to reveal.. (AN/FPS-508 Radar Antenna used in NORAD PineTree line. Park at North Bay Ontario Canada.)
AN/FPS-508 Radar Antenna used in NORAD PineTree line. Park at North Bay Ontario Canada. Most were in service from 1950s to end of 1980s See: The PineTree Radar Line Sites Information http://www.pinetreeline.ca/locations/sites.html
"The AN/FPS-508 antenna is a parabolic reflector rotating 360 degrees continuously at a rate of five revolutions per minute. It could detect aircraft up to 100,000 feet in elevation at ranges in excess of 200 miles. Used in conjunction with a height finder antenna, it created a three dimensional picture of altitude, azimuth and range of aircraft within the coverage area. These sensors contributed valued data to the surveillance, identification and aircraft intercept control process of North American Air Defense (NORAD) ground environment air defense mission." Full Playlist: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLADE9B4886BC142AB
TilTul http://tiltul.com LinksYouWantToRemember CIMG1069 AN FPS-508.AVI
Click to reveal.. (CF-101 Voodoo, AN/FPS-508, AN/FPS-6B Height Finder Radar Antenna. Park at North Bay Ontario Canada...)
CF-101 Voodoo, AN/FPS-508 Radar Antenna used on NORAD PineTree line at North Bay Ontario Canada AN/FPS-6B Height Finder Radar Antenna, used at NORAD PineTree line. Park at North Bay Ontario Canada Full Playlist: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLADE9B4886BC142AB