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#4236786 - 03/05/16 11:03 AM Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded...  
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Hpasp Offline
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Soviet PVO SAM systems are well known...

S-25 Berkut/Sosna - SA-1
S-75 Dvina/Desna/Volhov - SA-2
S-125 Neva/Pechora - SA-3
S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna - SA-5
S-300 Biryusa/Volhov - SA-10

... but what happened with the missing "S" numbers?

I will describe them in this topic...

S-50
S-100
Dal (SA-5 Griffon)
S-175
S-225 Azov (ABM-X-3)
S-250 Elektron

Last edited by Hpasp; 03/11/16 07:25 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

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#4236796 - 03/05/16 12:25 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Hpasp Offline
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S-50 Leningrad system



In 1955, during the successful fielding of the S-25 Berkut around Moscow, work started to create a similar defense around Leningrad and Baku.

The same B-200 NBC protected (20 firing channel per system), fixed regiment structure were planned to be used.



Geography allowed just one ring road, so the B-200 regiment numbers planned to be just 35, at 45km from Leningrad.
(Moscow had 56 regiments on a double ring system.)



Ring road system were built, till 1958, when during a Defense Council meeting...

Marshal I. S. Konev (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact.) stood up and said that Leningrad was not Moscow, but just a border city. Concentration around it of a large number of fixed complexes and missiles are unnatural. He proposed the deployment of the already developed S-75 mobile single-channel sites that would provide the requisite protection against air space violators at considerably less cost.

In 1958 work ceased on the fixed S-50 system based on the S-25 type.

Just for comparison, one S-25 system (of 20 firing channels) with missiles and fortifications costed 180 million Rubles, while an S-75 Desna (of 1 firing channel) 11 million Rubles in 1957.

A new project for Leningrad air defense started, called the S-100 system, including 33pcs of S-75 and 3 pcs Lavochkin's to be developed, long range Dal system.

Last edited by Hpasp; 03/05/16 02:12 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4236823 - 03/05/16 01:52 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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What is the western analog of SA-5 Griffon, in your opinion? Bloodhound or Bomarc?

#4236824 - 03/05/16 01:58 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Hpasp Offline
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Hpasp  Offline
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NASAMS (just a little bit of shorter range) biggrin
Nobody else ever come closer...

Dal was so off its time (and our current time) capability, that no wonder it failed.

Last edited by Hpasp; 03/05/16 02:57 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4236835 - 03/05/16 02:33 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Originally Posted By: Hpasp
NASAMS (just a little bit of shorter range) biggrin
Nobody else ever come closer...


Why not Bloodhound/BOMARC?

#4236839 - 03/05/16 03:00 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Hpasp Offline
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Dal was planned as a 150km range missile, with command guidance during mid-flight, than to switch into self homing radar guidance
(today only AMRAAM capable of). biggrin

BOMARC was a long range, full command guided stuff with a NUKE.
Bloodhound is rather similar to S-200 Vega with semi active homing guidance, thus limited multi engagement capability.
(ala Vega)


Lavochkin Dal concept was more than half century ahead of its time, and still nobody realized his vision...
... not a surprise, that he failed.
frown


Last edited by Hpasp; 03/05/16 03:06 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4236848 - 03/05/16 03:27 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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#4238941 - 03/11/16 06:51 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Hpasp Offline
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Hpasp  Offline
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S-100 Leningrad system

After Marshal I. S. Konev (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact.) intervention, a new project for Leningrad air defense started, called the S-100 system, including 33pcs of S-75 (SA-2C Guideline) and 3 pcs Lavochkin's to be developed, long range Dal system (SA-5 Griffon).



To coordinate the single channel S-75 fire, an S-100V Asurk IADS system was developed and fielded.
It could automatically guide 8 S-75 battery fire, using early warning troops information transmitted digitally.





Its mobile version was called Vector-1, forerunner of the WarPact used Vector-2.

In 1958, the Dal system development was stopped, due to technical difficulties of the self homing missile head, and the successes of the S-200A (SA-5A Gammon) system.

Next week, I continue with the S-175 system.
biggrin

Last edited by Hpasp; 03/11/16 07:18 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4238973 - 03/11/16 08:22 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Thanks, let's continue thumbsup

#4239192 - 03/12/16 08:26 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Hpasp Offline
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Hpasp  Offline
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Designer of Soviet SAM missile.



Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4241304 - 03/19/16 11:48 AM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Hpasp Offline
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Hpasp  Offline
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During 1957 as a stopgap measure, SA-75 Dvina (SA-2A) was fielded in the Soviet Union.
With its V-750 missile, it had a maximum range of 30km.



Few months earlier a new project was started, aiming to double the Dvina's reach.

S-175
With its newly to be developed V-850 missile, this system had to have a range of 60km.

Grushin kept the V-750 missile lenght, increased its diameter from 50cm to 84cm, and rearranged the solid booster onto the four side of the enlarged liquid 2nd stage.
These modifications increased the missile weight from 2.1t to 5t, thus a new launcher was needed to start the missile towards the target at a fixed launch angle.
Missile was command guided, target and missile tracking were to be provided with a new mono-pulse antenna systems, similar to the KRUG.



Already in 1961, the definitive S-75V Volhov (SA-2E) system was fielded, and its missile the V-755 could reach to 56km using passive flight after engine burnout.



Further work on the S-175 system was stopped, but its V-850 missile become the base of the S-200 (SA-5) missile family V-860/870/880.



Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4243481 - 03/26/16 02:24 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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S-225 Azov (ABM-X-3 Gazelle)

Development of the S-200 long range SAM's (SA-5) bigger brother, the S-225 (ABM-X-3) system started in 1961.
The aim was to field a relocatable (similarly to the S-200) cheap ABM system, that could protect less important targets than Moscow, already protected by the A-35 Aldan (ABM-1 Galosh) system.


A-35 Aldan (ABM-1 Galosh)

The RSN-225 (Flat Twin) was the first phase-modulated radar of the Soviet Union. It could acquire and track a 0.1sqrm radar cross section target from a range of 450km.
Separate SPK van (Pawn Shop) would transmit command guidance signals to the 70kt nuclear warhead armed V-825 5Ya27 missile engaging the target well outside of the atmosphere (above 100km).


Between 1969 and 1977, 30 V-825 5Ya27 launches were taken place at the Sary Shagan firing range against IRBM targets.





RSN-225 (Flat Twin) at Sary Shagan

Further development of the V-825 5Ya27 exoatmospheric ABM missile was stopped, due to the proliferation of the ICBM warhead decoys.
From the second half of the 60's, each ICBM warhead were accompanied by 10~12 light inflatable decoys, that had similar RCS than of the warhead.

One solution of discriminating between them was to wait until they burn during return to the atmosphere (at 80~90km altitude), but this required an ultra fast atmospheric interceptor.

PRS-1 5Ya26 53T6 (SH-08 Gazelle) development started in 1967.
It is a silo based missile launched from a container.
It has 45km range, 25km intercept altitude, and acceleration to 4km/s(!!!) just in 4 seconds.








US drawing of the definitive ABM-X-3 system components (left to right: Flat Twin, SH-08, Pawn Shop)



Between 1976 and 1984, 28 PRS-1 5Ya26 53T6 (SH-08 Gazelle) launches were taken place, and later were integrated into the A-135 Amur (ABM-4) system, protecting Moscow.
Development of the S-225 was stopped during the 80's, it was never fielded as a relocatable ABM system was a breach of the 72's ABM treaty.

RSN-225 in Kamchatka







Last edited by Hpasp; 03/26/16 02:33 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4243524 - 03/26/16 04:54 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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After 10:30, watch in Full screen and HD...


#4244512 - 03/29/16 10:19 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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What is the tower at 8:57? Looks like a bit as K-7 for S-200....

#4246033 - 04/03/16 01:59 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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S-250 Electron

The low altitude S-125 Neva (SA-3A) system was accepted into the inventory during 1961, and its creators were awarded by the Lenin Prize.
Its 5V24 V-600P missile had an effective range of 10km against low flying targets.



To increase the low altitude reach, two parallel developments were initiated in the same year:
- the 5V27 V-601P missile of the S-125M Neva (SA-3B) upgrade variant with double range
- the completely new S-250 Electron system, with the aim to reach a Mach2 target flying at 100m altitude, from 40km range (4 times of the S-125!!!).

The NIR-250 fire control radar had a complex design including:
- 4cm wavelength
- 75kW transmit power
- in elevation phase modulated (on azimuth mechanically) steered, narrow pencil beam transmit antenna
- two mechanically scanned, fan shaped beam, elevation and azimuth receiver (ala Volhov)
- fixed beam missile command transmitter
- huge size of 15m x 17.5m, and 26t weight
(compare it to the size 9m x 11.7m of the RPC, the fire control radar of the SA-5)



Estimating the new missile parameters, the baseline was the V-755 missile of the S-75M Volhov system, having 24km range against target flying at 100m, and a launch weight of 2.3t.
The new two staged, command guided missile calculated to be above of 3t launch weight, achieving 850m/s average speed, and reaching 40km range in low altitude.

boost phase burnout at 3.5s accelerating to 700m/s
sustain phase burnout at 47s slowly accelerating, and achieving 1000m/s at 40km

To determine the NIR-250 fire control radar expected target acquisition range, the following calculations were made:
- time for target acquisition: Ta < 20sec (less than 20 sec)
- time for missile launch decision and execution: Tl = 3sec
- time for missile flying to the maximum range (40km): Tm = 47sec
- expected target maximum speed Vt = 0.6km/s (Mach2)
- required maximum target detection distance: D = 40km + Vt * (Ta + Tl + Tm) = 40 + 0.6 * (70) = 82km

Detecting a target flying only at 100m altitude from 82km, is limited by the radar horizon.
KB1 (Design Bureau No1) used the following equation to calculate the radar horizon of the 4cm wavelength:
D=4.15*(SQR(Hr) + SQR(Ht))
Hr - altitude of the fire control radar in meters
Ht - altitude of the target in meters
D - target detection range in kilometers, limited by the radar horizon

By rearranging the equation, the required elevation of the fire control radar can be calculated: Hr = ( (D / 4.15) - SQR(Ht) ) ^2 where...
- required maximum target detection distance: D = 81km (less than 82km)
- target flying altitude: Ht = 100m
- required elevation of the fire control radar above ground level:
Hr = ( ( 81 / 4.15) - SQR(100) ) ^2 = 90.5m (!!!)

To fulfill the requirements above, a 80m height tower were designed, with 8m of diameter, as the antenna boresight was an additional 10.5m above its level.



In case of building the tower from ferro-concrete, calculated weight was around 2000t...



Comparing the 90.5m tall structure of the S-250 system (left), to the Ostankino TV Tower, currently the tallest freestanding structure in Europe (right).



On the vertical axis of the chart, is the antenna height in meters, and on the horizontal is the radio horizon in km, of a (100m altitude flying target).


During 1964, the 5V27 (V-601P) missile was accepted into service, with a range of 17km against low flying targets, and without any major upgrade required to the already fielded S-125 Neva. (SA-3)



Further work on the S-250 Electron system was stopped, but its legacy live through with the unified 40V6MD mast, elevating S-300P (SA-10/20/21) target acquisition and fire control radars up to 40m, with a much lighter, and re-locatable structure.




Last edited by Hpasp; 04/03/16 02:31 PM.

Hpasp
Free SAM Simulator, "Realistic to the Switch"

(U-2 over Sverdlovsk, B-52's over Hanoi, F-4 Phantoms over the Sinai, F-16's and the F-117A Stealth bomber over the Balkans.)
http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home

Book from the author - Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961-1991
https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/

thumbsup
#4246729 - 04/05/16 01:59 PM Re: Soviet PVO SAM systems developed, but not fielded... [Re: Hpasp]  
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Great info, never heard about S-250! thumbsup


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