I'd start by following the signals you can find, talk to those you meet, explore & read/interact with artefacts you find, try to follow what is going on. It slowly unfolds and makes more sense as you get more of the pieces of the puzzle, until you finally can solve the final journey in the ~20 minutes you have available.

Some places are only accessible 'early' in each cycle, others only 'late', and others can be accessed at any time, but might need other information to 'find' them.

Don't want to add too much more, it is fun trying to figure out how things work in this strange solar system and finding the problems you can solve as you gather information and new routes.