I think VESA tried to standardize SVGA somewhat, but I'm not sure how that relates to DOS.

At least with DOS programs that use 3dFX, we can cheat and intercept the Glide commands that would normally be sent over the PCI bus, then use a Glide wrapper to scale the vertices up to the resolution of our modern monitors.
If the frame buffer has already been produced by the DOS program, all we can do is stretch it which doesn't look nearly as good.

As Dosbox is open source, and with an open source compiler, it should be possible to make up your own video modes if you produced a DOS program now.
...as a thought experiment at least.