Thank you Muggs! smile

Well, from the very first night of Operation Allied Force 24/03/99, it was clear to us, that our problem would be acquiring and capturing the target without being hit by anti-radiation missiles. So, the very first step, acquire and capture of the target was the most dangerous one. So, we needed to find the way to acquire and capture the target without the use of target aquisition radar 1S11M2 (TAR).
Some missile batteries where hit in the first few nights in the process of finding targets by TAR, without being able to capture target and launch missiles.
The first thing was obviously to work through semi-automatic fire control system K-1M Krab, but the problem was in jamming of the telecode connections. Then we tried by connecting by wire, but then there was a problem of not being able to connect more than 1-2 missile batteries at the time, and the data flow was slow by wire, and we needed to have Fire Control Batterie and Missile batteries closer together.
Even so, we managed to "pull" 17 shootings via K-1M fire control system. But it just was not enough.
By the middle of April 1999. NATO planes started more often to attack by daytime in all of Serbia and Montenegro (former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) especcialy over Serbian province of Kosovo.
That tactical move of NATO, enabled Kub missile batteries to start acquiring the target via TOV (televison optical kamera). Then, the total number of shootings and launches started to increase.
From the middle of April to the end of the war, first week of June, Kub missile bateries performed 16 shootings in TV mode and 10 shootings in combined mode.
TV mode means that the target was passively acquired by TOV and the missiles were launched with only illumination radar-transmitter turned on during the missile flight, and the target was tracked manually by the TOV control stick. No monopulse guidance radar transmitter emittion at all....while TAR was not even pulled up entirely.
Combined mode means that the target was passively acquired by TOV, but the guidance monopulse radar transmitter was turned on for a very short time to determine the distance to the target. Then it was turned of, and missile was launched with only illumination radar transmitter turned on during the missile flight, and the target was tracked manually as in TV mode...

In that way, Kub missile batteries managed to shoot 46 times with 70 missiles.
17 times in K-1M mode, 16 times in TV mode, 10 times in combined mode and 3 times autonomously (through full target acquisition, capture and guidance procedure as "by the book")...

This is to start.....If this is interesting to you all. we can continue with your questions, which I will answer to the very limit of my knowledge and with respect of some delicate information still not for public.....

Last edited by Kub operator; 12/15/19 07:35 PM.