All confirmed stuff...
All this stuff is to come during beta:
Law Enforcement
Groupings
Communications
Missions
Access to some of the other 399,999,999,995 systems - Not all systems will be accessible in Beta but the number will increase.
Mining
More ships - see list of ships below
More weapons/addons - list if you know them and I'll update - Repair Systems, Shotgun type weapon, Docking computers.
Dynamic events - e.g. famines, wars etc..
Rankings
Faction alliance
New space stations
Docking on Cruisers
New trade goods (including unique trade goods)
System Map
Customization of ship interiors/exteriors
Fuel and Fuel skimming gas giants.
Wear and tear on ships /modules (outside of direct damage)
Passengers
NPC Contacts interaction
Wingmen
A more fleshed out supercruise mechanic. The ability to see, chase, interdict and avoid other players/NPCs, slingshots around planets and similar
Hyperspace stuff (i.e. analysis, following, linking, misjumps)
Improved planets
Exploration mechanics
Alliance
Empire
Damage models
Derelict ships - Salvage etc..
News system that covers events in game
Multiple character slots
Different start locations
Founder's world
Ironman mode
Deploying escape pods
Hangars and multiple ship ownership
Improved Insurance
Single player - online/offline
Privateering
Galaxy Evolution
New trade options
Beacons
Thargoids
Dark Systems, comets, Other Phenomena.
Probes
Player logs
Ship naming
Ship crews
Criminality
Enhanced Shield mechanics